Toni Morrison (born
Chloe Ardelia Wofford;
[1] February 18, 1931) is an American novelist, editor, and professor. Her novels are known for their
epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed characters. Among her best known novels are
The Bluest Eye,
Sula,
Song of Solomon and
Beloved. She was also commissioned to write the libretto for a new opera,
Margaret Garner, first performed in 2005. She won the
Pulitzer Prize and the
American Book Award in 1988 for
Beloved and the
Nobel Prize in 1993. On May 29, 2012, she received the
Presidential Medal of Freedom.
§Early life and career[edit]
Toni Morrison was born in
Lorain, Ohio, to Ramah (née Willis) and George Wofford. She is the second of four children in a working-class family.
[2] Her parents moved to Ohio to escape southern racism and instilled a sense of heritage through telling traditional African American folktales.
[3] She read frequently as a child; among her favorite authors were
Jane Austen and
Leo Tolstoy.
[4] According to a 2012 interview in
The Guardian, she became a Catholic at the age of 12 and received the baptismal name "Anthony", which later became the basis for her nickname "Toni".
[5]
In 1949 Morrison went to
Howard University graduating in 1953 with a B.A. in English; she went on to earn a
Master of Arts from
Cornell University in 1955. She taught English, first at
Texas Southern University in Houston for two years, then at Howard for seven years. She met Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect, at Howard, who she married in 1958. The couple had two children and divorced in 1964.
[3] After the break up of her marriage, she worked as an editor, first in Syracuse and later in New York City where she worked for a textbook publisher as a senior editor. Morrison later went to work for Random House, where she edited works for such authors as
Toni Cade Bambara.
[6] [7] As an editor, Morrison played a vital role in bringing black literature into the mainstream, editing books by authors such as
Henry Dumas,
[8] Toni Cade Bambara,
Angela Davis, and
Gayl Jones.
[9]
§Writing career[edit]
Morrison began writing fiction as part of an informal group of poets and writers at Howard University who met to discuss their work. She attended one meeting with a short story about a black girl who longed to have blue eyes. She later developed the story as her first novel,
The Bluest Eye (1970). She wrote it while raising two children and teaching at Howard.
[7]
Toni Morrison, on jacket of her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel
Beloved.
In 1993 Morrison was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Literature. Her citation reads: Toni Morrison, "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality." She is currently the last American to have been awarded the honor. Shortly afterward, a fire destroyed her
Rockland County, New Yorkhome.
[2][12]
In 1996 the
National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the
Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the
humanities.
[13]Morrison's lecture, entitled "The Future of Time: Literature and Diminished Expectations,"
[14] began with the aphorism, "Time, it seems, has no future." She cautioned against the misuse of history to diminish expectations of the future.
[15]
In addition to her novels, Morrison has written books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison, who worked as a painter and musician. Slade died of
pancreatic cancer[18] on December 22, 2010, aged 45.
[19] Morrison's novel
Home, half-written when Slade died,
[18] is dedicated to him.
[5][20][21]
Her 11th novel, entitled
God Help the Child, has been announced for publication in April 2015.
[22]
§Relationship to feminism[edit]
Although her novels typically concentrate on black women, Morrison does not identify her works as
feminist. When asked in a 1998 interview "Why distance oneself from feminism?" she replied: "In order to be as free as I possibly can, in my own imagination, I can't take positions that are closed. Everything I've ever done, in the writing world, has been to expand articulation, rather than to close it, to open doors, sometimes, not even closing the book -- leaving the endings open for reinterpretation, revisitation, a little ambiguity."
[23] She went on to state that she thought it "off-putting to some readers, who may feel that I'm involved in writing some kind of feminist tract. I don't subscribe to patriarchy, and I don't think it should be substituted with matriarchy. I think it's a question of equitable access, and opening doors to all sorts of things."
[23] Critics, however, have referred to her body of work as exemplifying characteristics of "postmodern feminism" by "altering Euro-American dichotomies by rewriting a history written by mainstream historians" and by her usage of shifting narration in
Beloved and
Paradise.
[24]
§Later life[edit]
Though based in the Creative Writing Program at
Princeton, Morrison did not regularly offer writing workshops to students after the late 1990s, a fact that earned her some criticism. Rather, she has conceived and developed the prestigious
Princeton Atelier, a program that brings together talented students with critically acclaimed, world-famous artists. Together the students and the artists produce works of art that are presented to the public after a semester of collaboration. In her position at Princeton, Morrison used her insights to encourage not merely new and emerging writers, but artists working to develop new forms of art through interdisciplinary play and cooperation.
In November 2006, Morrison visited the
Louvre Museum in
Paris as the second in its "Grand Invité" program to guest-curate a month-long series of events across the arts on the theme of "The Foreigner's Home." Inspired by her curatorship, Morrison returned to
Princeton in Fall 2008 to lead a small seminar, also entitled "The Foreigner's Home." Also that year, The New York Times Book Review named Beloved the best novel of the past 25 years. She continued to explore new art forms, writing the libretto for Margaret Garner, an American opera that explores the tragedy of slavery through the true life story of one woman's experiences. The opera debuted at the New York City Opera in 2007.
[25]
In May 2011, Morrison received an Honorable
Doctor of Letters Degree from
Rutgers University during commencement where she delivered a speech of the "pursuit of life, liberty, meaningfulness, integrity, and truth."
In March 2012, Morrison established a residency at
Oberlin College.In addition to Home, Morrison also debuted another work in 2012: She worked with opera director Peter Sellars and songwriter Rokia Traoré on a new production inspired by William Shakespeare's Othello. The trio focused on the relationship between Othello's wife Desdemona and her African nurse, Barbary, in Desdemona, which premiered in London in the summer of 2012.
[27][28]
She is currently a member of the editorial board of
The Nation magazine.
Street art depicting Toni Morrison in
Vitoria, Spain.
Years ago, in the middle of the Whitewater investigation, one heard the first murmurs: white skin notwithstanding, this is our first black President. Blacker than any actual black person who could ever be elected in our children's lifetime. After all, Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald’s-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas.[29]
The phrase "our first Black president" was adopted as a positive by Bill Clinton supporters. When the
Congressional Black Caucus honored the former president at its dinner in
Washington D.C. on September 29, 2001, for instance, Rep.
Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX), the chair, told the audience that Clinton "took so many initiatives he made us think for a while we had elected the first black president."
[30]
In the context of the
2008 Democratic Primary campaign, Morrison stated to
Time magazine: "People misunderstood that phrase. I was deploring the way in which President Clinton was being treated, vis-à-vis the sex scandal that was surrounding him. I said he was being treated like a black on the street, already guilty, already a perp. I have no idea what his real instincts are, in terms of race."
[31] In the
Democratic primary contest for the
2008 presidential race, Morrison endorsed Senator
Barack Obama over Senator
Hillary Clinton,
[32] though expressing admiration and respect for the latter.
[33]
Morrison's papers are part of the permanent library collections of Princeton University.
[34] Morrison's decision to add her papers to Princeton instead of her alma mater Howard University faced many comments from the Historical Black College and University community. Vice-President of Content with HBCU Buzz Inc., Robert K. Hoggard wrote in his article "Toni Morrison's Papers Will Go to Princeton? Not Howard": "For far too long, White America has found a way to miss-tell our story. Because of this, it’s more important now than ever to unapologetically support our own Black institutions.... Public White institutions do not need our support, they will thrive without. If we are courageous enough to support our own institutions the sky is the limit for what they can continue to do across America."
[35]
§Children's literature (with Slade Morrison)[edit]
- The Big Box (1999)
- The Book of Mean People (2002)
- Peeny Butter Fudge (2009)
§Short fiction[edit]
§Non-fiction[edit]
- The Black Book (1974)
- Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (1992)
- Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality (editor) (1992)
- Birth of a Nation'hood: Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Case (co-editor) (1997)
- Remember: The Journey to School Integration (April 2004)
- What Moves at the Margin: Selected Nonfiction, edited by Carolyn C. Denard (April 2008)
- Burn This Book: Essay Anthology, editor (2009)
- "Introduction." Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. [1885] The Oxford Mark Twain, edited by Shelley Fisher Fishkin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. xxxii–xli.
§Awards and nominations[edit]
§Nominations[edit]
- Grammy Awards 2008 Best Spoken-Word Album for Children - "Who's Got Game? The Ant or the Grasshopper? The Lion or the Mouse? Poppy or the Snake?"
_________________________________________________________________________________
Toni Morrison, original name Chloe Anthony Wofford (b. February 18, 1931, Lorain, Ohio), was a writer noted for her examination of African American experience (particularly the African American female experience) within the African American community. She received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993.
Morrison grew up in the American Midwest in a family that possessed an intense love of and appreciation for black culture. Storytelling, songs, and folktales were a deeply formative part of her childhood. She attended Howard University (B.A., 1953) and Cornell University (M.A., 1955). After teaching at Texas Southern University for two years, she taught at Howard from 1957 to 1964. In 1965, she became a fiction editor. From 1984, she taught writing at the State University of New York at Albany, leaving in 1989 to join the faculty of Princeton University.
Morrison's first book, The Bluest Eye (1970), is a novel of initiation concerning a victimized adolescent black girl who is obsessed by white standards of beauty and longs to have blue eyes. In 1973, a second novel, Sula, was published. It examines (among other issues) the dynamics of friendship and the expectations for conformity within the community. Song of Solomon (1977) is told by a male narrator in search of his identity; its publication brought Morrison to national attention. Tar Baby (1981), set on a Caribbean island, explores conflicts of race, class, and sex. The critically acclaimed Beloved (1987), which won a Pulitzer Prize for fiction, is based on the true story of a runaway slave who, at the point of recapture, kills her infant daughter in order to spare her a life of slavery. Jazz (1992) is a story of violence and passion set in New York City’s Harlem during the 1920s. Subsequent novels are Paradise (1998), a richly detailed portrait of a black utopian community in Oklahoma, and Love (2003), an intricate family story that reveals the myriad facets of love and its ostensible opposite. A Mercy (2008) deals with slavery in 17th-century America. In the redemptive Home (2012), a traumatized Korean War veteran encounters racism after returning home and later overcomes apathy to rescue his sister.
A work of criticism, Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination, was published in 1992. Many of her essays and speeches were collected in What Moves at the Margin: Selected Nonfiction (edited by Carolyn C. Denard), published in 2008. Additionally, Morrison released several children’s books, including Who’s Got Game?: The Ant or the Grasshopper? and Who’s Got Game?: The Lion or the Mouse?, both written with her son and published in 2003. Remember (2004) chronicles the hardships of black students during the integration of the American public school system; aimed at children, it uses archival photographs juxtaposed with captions speculating on the thoughts of their subjects. She also wrote the libretto for Margaret Garner (2005), an opera about the same story that inspired Beloved.
The central theme of Morrison’s novels is the black American experience; in an unjust society her characters struggle to find themselves and their cultural identity. Her use of fantasy, her sinuous poetic style, and her rich interweaving of the mythic gave her stories great strength and texture.
In 2010 Morrison was made an officer of the French Legion of Honour. Two years later she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
